Ultrasound Registry Review (URR) MV Abnormalities and Disease Practice Test

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• In cases of mitral stenosis with suspected aortic stenosis, which calculation is used to determine the aortic valve area?
• Which view is commonly used to assess MVP?
• Which parameter is used to categorize MAC severity?
• What is the normal mitral valve area (MVA) range?
• Which condition is most directly treated with valve repair or replacement?
• Which procedure is cited as an example of mitral valve repair for mitral stenosis?
• Where should the pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume be placed relative to the left atrial appendage entry into the left atrium?
• Spontaneous contrast is also associated with embolic complications. Which option correctly reflects this statement?
• Which maneuver can be used to reduce venous return and augments the prolapse?
• Mitral annular calcification is most commonly observed in which age range?
• The leaflets coapt at which region of the mitral valve?
• Lutembacher syndrome is defined as the coexistence of mitral stenosis and which type of atrial septal defect?
• Shape of the anterior mitral valve leaflet?
• The tumor-like mass in caseous annular calcification is composed of which material?
• Rheumatic disease is most likely the cause if both MS and AS are present.
• Caseous Annular Calcification is best described as which of the following?
• MVP stands for which medical term?
• What is the treatment for MR?
• What is the most common symptom of mitral stenosis?
• Which statement about caseous annular calcification is true?
• If the Mitral Valve Area is 1.2 cm2, what is the MS severity?
• Secondary/functional MR can occur due to which mechanism?
• MR jet directed anteriorly due to prolapse of which leaflet?
• Where does MAC occur?
• In elderly patients, what is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation?
• A directed MR jet suggests prolapse of which leaflet?
• When evaluating mitral stenosis with Doppler in a patient with atrial fibrillation, the average velocity and PHT should be reported from how many different waveforms?
• In patients with severe mitral stenosis, which arrhythmia is most commonly developed due to atrial stretching?
• Which statement correctly pairs a scallop designation with its region?
• In which view is PISA typically measured for MR assessment?
• Moderate MAC thickness falls into which range?
• Which nomenclature is used to describe MV anatomy?
• Which view is best to measure the thickness of MAC?
• The diastolic murmur due to mitral stenosis is typically accompanied by which feature?
• Which two valve pathologies are most characteristic when rheumatic disease is the cause?
• What is the normal MV velocity range?
• What can falsely elevate the MR velocity?
• What is a common consequence of chronic mitral stenosis?
• Which statement about PHT and MS severity classification is true?
• Severe MAC thickness is defined as greater than how many millimeters?
• In imaging, which prolapse pattern is most commonly associated with a centrally directed MR jet?
• Severe MS mean gradient falls in which range?
• The anatomy of the mitral valve is described using which nomenclature?
• False-positive M-mode evaluation of MVP occurs when?
• In rheumatic heart disease, which valve is most commonly affected?
• In rheumatic MS, the left atrial enlargement is typically disproportionate to the degree of stenosis.
• Which statement best describes the relationship between central MR jet angle and two-leaflet prolapse?
• Which of the following is the correct apical view used for PISA measurement in MR, given the preference?
• Chronic moderate to severe MS commonly causes?
• Which Carpentier type is characterized by restricted leaflet motion only in systole?
• Moderate MS (MVA) is defined as MVA in the range of which values?
• In rheumatic MS, the left atrium is usually more significantly ______ than expected for the level of stenosis.
• Which of the following is NOT a listed complication of mitral stenosis?
• Restricted leaflet motion only in systole, MR caused by LV ischemia/remodeling corresponds to which Carpentier type?
• What is the normal range for the mitral valve deceleration time on Doppler interrogation?
• Which auscultatory finding is characteristic of mitral stenosis?
• If the Mitral Valve Area is 0.9 cm2, what is the MS severity?
• Rheumatic heart disease usually affects how many valves?
• Which combination best describes MVP leaflets?
• Rheumatic heart disease is similar in appearance to which condition?
• Which Doppler parameter is used to quantify the contraction velocity of the left atrial appendage?
• Rupture of the papillary muscle with an acute myocardial infarction is a cause of which condition?
• Inhalation of which agent can be used to decrease venous return and increase prolapse?
• In Marfan patients, MVP is related to which chest wall deformity?
• MVP is best visualized in which view?
• Mild MS mean gradient is defined as which range?
• What is the PHT range for severe mitral stenosis?
• Mild MAC thickness falls into which range?
• What leaflet of the MV is usually prolapsed?
• Moderate to severe MS leads to which of the following?
• Which chamber's pressure buildup leads to pulmonary hypertension in MS?
• Which gradient measure is used to assess MS severity, particularly for severe MS?
• MAC stands for which of the following?
• MVP is commonly associated with which arrhythmia?
• What left atrial appendage flow velocity is associated with an increased risk of thrombus formation?
• Which statement about acute MR is true?
• MVP is commonly associated with which defect?
• Which valve is the second most commonly affected by rheumatic heart disease?
• Which pairing is incorrect?
• Which statement best describes the valve involvement in rheumatic heart disease?
• Which factor is listed as a potential mechanism accompanying secondary/functional MR?
• Which of the following is a common cause of acute mitral regurgitation?
• A PISA radius greater than which value indicates severe mitral regurgitation?
• If the anterior leaflet prolapses, the MR jet angle is directed:
• Mitral stenosis is commonly associated with which rhythm disturbance?
• MVP murmur is associated with which auscultatory finding?
• Which statement correctly describes Lutembacher syndrome?
• Mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, and impaired relaxation of the LV will cause which Doppler change?
• In mitral stenosis, which Doppler-derived velocities increase with severity?
• Which Carpentier type is associated with normal leaflet motion and MR caused by annular dilation or leaflet perforation?
• MAC can be seen with which systemic condition?
• Severe cases of caseous annular calcification cause which of the following?
• Caseous annular calcification most commonly affects which annulus?
• Which statement is true about MR management?
• What does MS cause a decrease in?
• A vena contracta width greater than which measurement is considered abnormal in mitral regurgitation?
• Which valve annulus is most commonly involved by caseous annular calcification?
• Restricted leaflet motion throughout the cardiac cycle, MR caused by rheumatic heart disease or degenerative disease corresponds to which Carpentier type?
• Most cases of MVP have which associated lesion?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of chronic MR?
• Severe MS (MVA) is defined as MVA less than which value?
• Which of the following are associated with caseous annular calcification?
• Calcification can lead to which imaging shadowing artifact?
• If the posterior leaflet prolapses, the MR jet angle is directed:
• What is the PHT range for moderate mitral stenosis?
• Which finding can be seen with MVP?
• Which statement is true about MS severity thresholds?
• Which Carpentier type is associated with increased leaflet motion due to chordal elongation or rupture?
• Planimetry for mitral stenosis is performed in which view?
• MS will cause an increase in:
• In the context of coexisting aortic regurgitation with mitral stenosis, evaluation of MS severity is most likely to be which?
• PISA analysis is used to estimate what parameter in MR assessment?
• Which of the following is an example of mitral valve repair used in the context of mitral stenosis?
• What is the normal contraction velocity of the left atrial appendage?
• Clinical symptoms of chronic MR include which of the following?
• Moderate to severe MR typically results in dilation of which structures?
• If the posterior mitral leaflet prolapses, the MR jet angle is directed:
• Why is the HR increased with MS?
• Which method is preferred for the assessment of the mitral valve area (MVA)?
• What can acute MR cause?
• Which term correctly describes the parameter calculated in PISA analysis for MR assessment?
• An increase in preload has what effect on the MV Doppler parameters E velocity and deceleration time?
• Which additional primary/anatomic MR etiology is listed in the material?
• Which 2D echocardiographic appearance is characteristic of mitral stenosis?
• In rheumatic heart disease, which valve is second most commonly affected?
• With MVP, leaflets are described as ______.
• Which echo finding is commonly associated with severe mitral stenosis?
• IVRT ______ indicates severe MR.
• Severe MS can be defined by which combination?
• In mitral stenosis, the E-F slope is ______, reflecting a reduced rate of emptying from the left atrium.
• MAC primarily involves which structure of the mitral apparatus?
• Which rheumatic disease is associated with MR according to the material?
• Which statement about MVP is true?
• Planimetry for measuring MVA is performed in which imaging plane?
• Where on the electrocardiogram is the PISA measurement taken?
• In MR, a vena contracta width greater than 7 mm generally indicates which severity?
• What is the PHT range for mild mitral stenosis?
• Which Doppler technique is preferred to measure the slope of the peak E wave, PHT, and deceleration time?
• Which of the following is also listed as a primary MR etiology in the material?
• Which measurement defines the MS severity categories (mild, moderate, severe) in the provided data?
• In patients with mitral stenosis, thrombus formation is most commonly found in which locations?
• Which two MS treatments are contraindicated if a left atrial thrombus is present?
• Rheumatic fever associated with MAC causes fibrosis of the:
• Which condition among the following is listed as a primary/anatomic MR etiology in the material?
• Which valve is most commonly affected by rheumatic heart disease?
• Severe mitral stenosis can cause which echocardiographic appearance?
• With PISA, the aliasing velocity is commonly set at which range?
• Which of the following is a functional tricuspid regurgitation manifestation associated with mitral stenosis?
• What causes pulmonary hypertension from moderate to severe MS?
• Which Carpentier type is characterized by restricted leaflet motion throughout the cardiac cycle?
• The A1/P1 scallop corresponds to which region of the mitral valve leaflet?
• What is the most common cause of tricuspid stenosis?
• Mild MAC ______ effect leaflet motion and are ______ to stenosis or regurgitation?
• If the anterior mitral leaflet prolapses, the MR jet angle is directed:
• The A2/P2 scallop corresponds to which region of the mitral valve leaflet?
• What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
• Primary/anatomic MR commonly occurs with abnormalities of which valve structure?
• Caseous annular calcification is associated with which abnormalities?
• MR caused by chordal elongation or rupture corresponds to which Carpentier type?
• If both leaflets prolapse, the MR jet angle is directed:
• MR jet directed posteriorly indicates prolapse of which leaflet?
• Artherosclerotic disease usually affects one valve or the other.
• The hockey stick appearance on 2D echocardiography is characteristic of which valve pathology?
• Which finding is listed as a false-positive result for MVP?
• If the MR jet is directed centrally, which prolapse pattern is most likely?
• In MVP, diastolic thickness is greater than ______ mm.
• What unit is used to express the Mitral Valve Area (MVA)?
• MAC is calcification of which structure?
• Which technique provides the most direct measurement of mitral valve area by tracing the orifice?
• Which symptom is associated with rheumatic fever caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci?
• What forms a tumor-like mass on the valve annulus composed of caseous, putty-like substance?
• Which statement best describes MAC?
• In Carpentier nomenclature, MR caused by annular dilation with normal leaflet motion is classified as which type?
• Which feature distinguishes MAC from calcification related to rheumatic fever?
• Which imaging modality is used to assess left atrial appendage contraction velocity?
• What will be seen on M-mode echocardiography with moderate/severe chronic mitral regurgitation?
• Spontaneous contrast on echocardiography is associated with which of the following?
• The combination of mitral stenosis with ostium secundum ASD is known as Lutembacher syndrome.
• False positive results of MVP can include which finding?
• Rheumatic fever can be caused by an infection with which organism?
• In AFib, why should a Doppler assessment of MS sample multiple waveforms?
• Which other cardiac manifestation may accompany rheumatic fever?
• Severe MAC causes what functional consequence?
• MAC is usually seen with which cardiac condition?
• Central MR jet angle is most consistent with prolapse of which leaflets?
• When using vena contracta assessment, to what velocity range should the color Doppler scale be lowered?
• Which of the following can cause a false reduction of P1/2?
• In Marfan patients, MVP can be related to which chest wall deformity besides excavatum?
• What is the term for the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a convex surface?
• Which imaging issue is listed as a false-positive for MVP?
• In mitral stenosis, which chamber is the first affected as the disease progresses?
• What thickness defines mild MAC?
• Significant aortic regurgitation can cause an underestimation of mitral stenosis severity due to increased left ventricular diastolic pressures. Which option best describes the mechanism?
• What is the best view to evaluate mitral stenosis?
• If both mitral leaflets prolapse, the MR jet angle is:
• What is a contraindication when using amyl nitrite?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between left atrial pressure and pulmonary hypertension in MS?
• Which of the following is a 2D finding associated with moderate to severe chronic mitral regurgitation?
• In patients with mitral stenosis, the presence of significant aortic regurgitation can cause the aortic valve gradient to be described as which?
• Mild MS (MVA) is defined as MVA greater than which value?
• PSVT stands for?
• Which pairing is correct for A1/P1 region?
• What is the normal range for mitral valve PHT?
• A diastolic murmur with opening snap indicates pathology of which valve?
• Second most common symptom in patients with mitral stenosis is which of the following?
• Shape of the posterior mitral valve leaflet?
• Doppler evaluation of mitral stenosis is best described by which statement?
• If the MR jet is directed anteriorly, which leaflet prolapse is most likely?
• A false reduction of PHT tends to cause which outcome?
• Which view is used for planimetry in MS?
• Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for mitral stenosis?
• Spontaneous echo contrast is also associated with which of the following?
• What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
• Moderate MS mean gradient falls in which range?
• Chronic mitral regurgitation leads to volume overload primarily affecting which chamber?
• Caseous annular calcification is best described as which statement?
• The A3/P3 scallop corresponds to which region of the mitral valve leaflet?
• Degenerative, myxomatous disease of the leaflets is classic for which condition?
• Which is the most commonly used parameter for assessing MVA?
• PISA is an acronym used in MR assessment. What does PISA stand for?
• ______ is better than CW for measuring PHT.
• Rheumatic heart disease causes what change to the valve/leaflets?
• Which cardiac involvement can occur with rheumatic fever?
• In significant mitral stenosis, the velocity and pressure gradient across the aortic valve are typically described as which?